Ban On Tobacco By The Government Of India - 1078 Words

BAN ON TOBACCO BY THE GOVERMENT OF INDIA INTRODUCTION According to Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation â€Å"From an ethical standpoint, it would be wrong to try to cause people to take the risk of smoking. But even beyond the moral issue, for a product such as cigarettes well known to have serious health risks, it would be difficult even to understand how an advertising campaign could be devised to convince people to smoke. India s tobacco problem is very complex; the quote above depicts how ethically wrong it is for tobacco to be advertised publicly without control or adequate legislation in India. Several people in India especially under age children smoke, with a large use of a variety of smoking forms and an array of smokeless tobacco products. Many of these products are manufactured as cottage and small-scale industries using varying mixtures and widely differing processes of manufacturing. Taking a look at the statistics released by world agency as stated in the passage, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regul ar smoking. Summary of arguments in favor of the ban on tobaccoShow MoreRelatedBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment Unit 4 Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India I remembered years ago the California Supreme Courts forced RJ Reynolds to remove their mascot, Joe Camel from all its products. RJ Reynolds would argue that this advertising had nothing to do with selling cigarettes or marketing to minors. This is not a new concept for California, as early as the 1920’s Hollywood has glamorized smoking. It is clear, the direction that the tobacco companies wanted to have a say. The tobacco companies paidRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India991 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India 1. Summarize the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India 2. Summarize the arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in India 3. Discuss the conflict of interest issue as it pertains to government in India 4. Give your opinion on what governments should do in regards to tobacco advertising Smoking is on my list of not to do. Since I was a little girl my dad used to smoke a lot in our living room. I remember thisRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India A Case Study 1. A summary of the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising. The arguments in favor of the government banning tobacco advertising generally begins with the belief that the government has the right to intervene in the best interest of its citizens. The banning of cocaine, which is generally seen as worldwide, is often used as an example of this. Public health is often the motive that is cited when countries such as Belgium andRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by The Government of India: 1. Summarize the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India  · It was said that French Constitutional council declared that ban on advertising tobacco products was not constitutional, it based on the need to protect public health  · They argued that the revenue logic of huge contribution in the form of excise to the Exchequer is not valid  · According to World Health Organization, tobacco accounted for overRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India1444 Words   |  6 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India Tobacco is one of the world’s most profitable industries. The top three producers of tobacco are: China, Brazil, and India, in that order. These industries provide direct and indirect work for many people in developing countries. Thus, like any good company it wishes to expose its products to the public by investing in ads and other merchandise of its product. All companies end goal (and of course this included tobacco) is to increase the appeal andRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pages1. The Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer o f Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe CarmelRead MoreIndia s Government Should Ban Tobacco Advertisements900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of tobacco advertising, and weigh the merit of each opposing viewpoint on whether or not India’s government should ban tobacco advertisements. 1. Those vouching for the ban of tobacco advertisements in India say that doing so is not unconstitutional, as it is meant to guard health of the general public. They also advocate that the state has the right to step in, when the general interest of its civilians may be at possible risk. Additionally, it was said that the ban would not hinderRead MoreAnalysis Of Case Ban On Tobacco Ads By The Government Of India Essay760 Words   |  4 Pagescase Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India Introduction Can a ban of advertising on tobacco products keep young adults from developing the habit of smoking? Can it keep them away from trying it out? The Government of India thought so when it announced on Feb 6, 2001 that it intend to forward legislation to ban advertising on tobacco. I am going to examine the case for this proposed legislation. The announcement sparked a fierce debate over the issue. Is it ethical for the Government toRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forc ed to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, anRead MoreBan Tobacco Ban On Tobacco859 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of the ban on tobacco in India realize the major health complications that will arise from the use of tobacco. The World Health Organization estimated â€Å"over 3 million people died from tobacco related deaths in 1990,† (Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government in India; http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/ban-tobacco-ads11.htm ). It is the government’s duty to protect the health and welfare of its citizens by banning advertising harmful products that are designed to appeal

The Assassination of John F Kennedy - 1677 Words

The Assassination of John F Kennedy From source B we can learn many things about JFKs assassination. We learn that JFK was hit by 2 shots the second one killing him apparently hitting from the back, into his right temple. Source B also stated that 3 shots were fired from the sixth floor of the Texas schoolbook depository. The rifleman was named Lee Harvey Oswald. Source B declares the assassination weapon to be a Mannlincher - carcano rifle. Source B written by the Warren Commission states Oswald had no accomplices. To me this seems quite unbelievable. People who knew him in the marines said he had a Pathetic Shot. The gun he apparently used would not be a weapon likely to be used in an assassination attempt,†¦show more content†¦Source F doesnt really explain that Oswald acted alone. It states he was on the Fair Play for Cuba committee and he was interested in left wing politics. Source F is meant to look like a communist conspiracy because at the time Kennedy was thought to have won a political battle over the Cuban missile crisis. Study sources G, H, I and J How useful are these sources in providing information to support the view that Lee Harvey Oswald was not acting alone? These sources are useful in providing information that Oswald didnt act alone in the assassination of JFK. Source G shows eyewitness accounts contradict the Warren report. Jean Hill a schoolteacher said she heard 4-6 shots and there were different guns being fired, she knew this, as she was familiar to guns. Gordon Arnold a young soldier heard a shot come from behind him, as he was standing by grassy knoll. Source G is unreliable, as two witnesses contradicts one another. Bonnie Williams said he ate lunch on the sixth floor and left at 12:20, he recalls nobody being there. While watching the parade Arnold Williams said he saw a man holding a rifle with a telescopic sight at about 12:15 (on 6th floor). Arnold Williams statement seems suspicious as it should of alarmed him more. Source H infers it was unlikely Oswald was a loneShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, but also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several

Financial Accounting Reporting and Assurance

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting Reporting and Assurance. Answer: Introduction: The accounting information of Astral Music can help the users of the information in arriving at superior and informed decision. The users of Astrals accounting information include internal users (management, members of the staff and the owners) as well as the external users (creditors, tax authorities, financiers, customers as well as the regulatory authorities) (Deegan, 2013). The overall analysis of the case study can help in the process of ascertainment of the users of the accounting information of Astral Music. The owners Natasha and Anastasia can be regarded as the internal user of the information. Anastasia being the equity participant is also a part owner of the business and require the accounting information as Anastasias decision to stay. The two owners need the accounting information for analysing the financial condition of the firm. Natasha and Anastasia need to use the accounting information for evaluating the feasibility and profitability of the investments they have mad e (Weil et al., 2013). In addition to this, the owners also need the accounting information for determination of the upcoming course of action (Edwards, 2013). Moreover, the new management of the Astral also have the need of the financial information for evaluating the overall performance as well as the position of the business concern for undertaking suitable measures for improvement of the results of the company. In particular, the former owner of the company Olga also require the accounting information as she is entitled to receive certain percentage of profits from the present business of Astra for the initial three years of the operations necessarily on a descending rate. Therefore, Olga also needs to keep track of the financial information of the company for receiving the stipulated share of profits. The employees of the firm Astral Music also require the accounting information for assessment of the profitability of the firm and its consequence on the security of their job and remuneration structure. The creditors of the firm also require the accounting information. As mentioned in the case study, Natasha will have to acquire loan from bank for replacement of the investment of Anastasia in case if Anastasia decides to pull out of the business at the end of the first year. Therefore, the bank being a financier would require the accounting information of the company Astral Music Inc. for disbursement of the loan (Pratt, 2013). In addition to this, the regulatory authorities would also require the accounting information for making it certain that the disclosures of different accounting information are essentially in accordance with the accounting rules as well as regulations. It is important for the regulatory authority to access the accounting information for the purpose of fortification of the interests of all the stakeholders who utilize the information for framing their decisions (Horngren et al., 2013). Identification of the various accounting issues facing Astral As per the case study, it can be hereby ascertained that there exists accounting issues regarding the sharing of the business profits with Olga on a descending rate. The share of the profits is as per the valuation of the ongoing business during the time of purchase. Again, as mentioned in the case study, Astral failed to recover the different instruments in around 50 % of the cases. Therefore, there exists an issue as regards the accounting of different bad debts and doubtful accounts. Again, the management of the Astral placed order to the Czech corporation for manufacturing of the instruments that would be sold under Astrals brand. This required maintenance of different departmental financial statements, departments as well as agencies (Henderson et al., 2015). This also proves to be an accounting issue to the firm. In addition to this, the manufacturing company also offered a discount of approximately 50% to different structural defects of products. As per the agreement, the disc ounts were supposed to be modified against different future purchases. The adjustments can also be regarded as an accounting issue faced by the management of Astral. Again, in the middle of the year Astral Music placed order to the Czech manufacturer for diverse musical instruments. However, regrettably the company announced bankruptcy and liquidated the business. By that time, astral could only market only half of the instruments and the other half remained in the inventory as recorded during the year-end. Therefore, the valuation of the inventory has also become an issue for the organization Astral Music. Accounting policies that replicate the economic situations for the detected accounting issues The management of the Astral Music can follow the accounting policies of the ASPE as the management currently has no plan to access the public equity market. Natasha plans to acquire half of the funds from Anastasia and therefore do not intend to access the public equity market. Natasha and Anastasia can follow diverse stipulations conditioned under the section ASPE 1582. The section ASPE 1582 for business combinations helps in the process of identification of the acquirer, determination of particular date of acquisition, recognition as well as measurement of identifiable asset. In addition to this, this regulation also helps in the detection of assumed liabilities as well as different non-controlling interests ("Home | Financial Reporting and Assurance Standards Canada", 2016). The regulations set under the section 1582 of the ASPE also facilitate the process of recognition as well as measurement of the goodwill of the company Astral Music. This can help in the process of ascertainm ent of value of the company at the time of purchase from Olga. The adoption of the ASPE can be considered better choice for the management of the company Astral Music as there are significant numbers of regional competitors, target consumers that operate privately. Therefore, the regulations of the ASPE can be considered better choice as the company Astral Music currently has no plan for global operations, reporting system is also less intricate with minimal accounting complication, negligible dependence on diverse benchmarking as well as comparative evaluation. In addition to this, ASPE can also be regarded as better choice for Astral Music as Natasha immediately has no plan for transition and has intention to maintain business within certain private individuals that include Natasha and Anastasia. The management of Astral Music can take into consideration ASPE rather than IFRS as the company has no external equity financiers who might hold different views regarding the future of th e enterprise. Again, the company Astral Music also has minimum resources for accounting to spend on training, compliance as well as education. The management of the company also need to prepare appropriate financial declarations suitably for owners, lenders as well as maintenance of conformity. In addition to this, compliance to the ASPE rather than IFRS can be considered to be better as the requirements for disclosure are comparatively less and there are strict rules regarding size of the enterprise. Therefore, any privately owned business such as Astral Music can adopt the ASPE not considering size. The accounting regulation set conditioned under section 1582 of the ASPE replicates different economic situation that reflects the alterations in ownership interests from Olga to Natasha. The accounting standard set the regulations for the acquisition cost, helps in determination of the date of acquisition, association with the timing of disbursements of considerations (Horngren et al., 2012). Thereafter, the case study also mentions about the arrangement of the two equity participants that are involved in the acquirement of the new business (Richard David, 2016). The accounting strategy that can replicate this definite economic circumstance is the regulation under Section 3056- Interests in Joint Arrangements conditioned under the ASPE. Section 3056- Interests in Joint Arrangements is applicable for different business entities that are essentially partners to a joint agreement ("Home | Financial Reporting and Assurance Standards Canada", 2016). Natasha and Anastasia also entered in to agreement with the former owner Olga. Again, the company also entered into diverse contractual agreements with Czech manufacturer. In addition to this, the capital as well as contribution of the two different equity participants Natasha and Anastasia also represents the contractual arrangements where the involved parties enter into an understanding. These economic situations can be considered as joint arrangements (Lovell, 2014). The accounting policy of the ASPE Section 3056- Interests in Joint Arrangements consequently replicates fundamental economic state of affairs. As mentioned in the case study, the company Astral Music also faces the problems of collection of the receivables. The company was also unable to recover diverse rented instruments in 50% of cases where there were bad receivables. The accounting policy of ASPE section 3856 financial instruments indicate towards the regulations as regards the financial instruments. Therefore, this accounting policy outlines the und erlying economic situations of the trade receivables. In addition to this, the management of the company Astral also decided to provide a warranty of around two year on diverse musical instruments marketed under the brand. The accounting strategy of the ASPE Section 3856 Financial Instruments can fittingly be a sign of the underlying economic situation that encompasses around delivering warranties to customers by Astral Music. The ASPE Section 3290 Contingencies states the regulations for contingent gains and losses but cannot be applied to guarantee provisions. (Wagenhofer, 2015). ASPE Section 3290 Contingencies also proposes different directives that provide different provisions, contingent liabilities in addition to contingent assets. Again, the management of the company Astral Music decided to amass returned defective instruments and market them to an external party that has the business to salvage different parts from different defective musical instruments (Warren et al., 2013 ). In this case, the management of the company needs take into account different aspects of the sales return (Traistaru Cotoc, 2013). ASPE Section 3400 Revenue suggests different rules as well as directives for accounting diverse cancellable sales activities, authority of return arrangements, sales return and for reflecting the underlying economic situation of sales return. The ASPE Section 3400 Revenue considers the sales return as a certain form of changeable consideration and this policy provides guidance for different forms of variable consideration. As per the guidelines of Section 3400 Revenue, different selling entities take into consideration various aspects at the time when sales are made to different consumers with a power to return. The factors that need to be taken into consideration include the recognition of revenue, establishment of liability for the expected amount of consideration, establishment of asset with analogous entry to different cost expensed for sales for acquirement of right. This can help in recovering diverse products at the time when refund liability is established (Sundem et al., 2012). Thereafter, the company placed order with the Czech manufacturer that liquidated suddenly. The company could sell only half of the purchased musical instruments and the other half remained in the inventory as registered at the end of the year. The Section 3031-Inventories also put forward the rules as well as regulations for establishments of the guidelines for accounting inventories. The management can take note of different regulations of ASPE for treating different items as is presented below: Accounting policies that affect various objectives of the users The accounting policies ASPE can also affect the objectives of different users. The ASPE presents all the users of the accounting information the objectives of different financial reporting (Whitecotton et al., 2013). The overall consideration of the financial statement includes the fair presentation consistent with GAAP, preparation on-going concern basis of the financial declarations, general-purpose declarations, basis of preparation, comparative information. The fair presentation is as per Section 1100 of the principles of the GAAP ("US PwC", 2016). The goal of the general purpose financial reporting is essentially to offer important financial information regarding the particular reporting entity to all the existing as well as prospective financiers, lenders as well as creditors. The structure differentiates between two different qualitative characteristics for essentially offering important information (Trucco, 2015). The fundamental qualitative features include the faithful rep resentation as well as relevance and the enhanced qualitative characteristics comprises of comparability, verifiability, lucidity as well as timeliness. The pertinent financial information has the potential of drawing a difference to different decisions framed by diverse users. The modified structure of the accounting policies can out forward the concept of materiality as a component of the relevance. The new term of faithful representation, replaces the term reliability as there was lack of understanding regarding reliability. The faithful representation of the financial information can help the users of the accounting information as it provides complete, neutral and at the same time error free information (Wilks et al., 2012). The modified structure of the framework admits limitations in attainment of faithful representation owing to different inherent ambiguity, approximations as well as assumptions. Subsequently, the financial information might not be completely free from error. However, the faithful representation is essentially attained in case of the errors or else omissions affect the overall description of different economic phenomena. Comparability permits the users of the financial information to recognize with different similarities as well as differences among different items both between diverse periods and across different enterprises. The comparability factor of the accounting policy can help the owners of the company astral Music to understand the compare the information among different enterprises as well as different period. This can help the owners in understanding the financial condition as well as position of the company Astral music at the time of acquirement. The acquisition cost is also based on the existing good will as well as the list of customers. Therefore, the qualitative characteristic of verifiability can help the owners in the process of arriving at decisions of acquirement date, cost and many others. The comparability of the financial information as per the conceptual framework of the ASPE can also help Natasha and Anastasia in understanding the position of the competitors of the company in the sector. This has helped the company to understand to understand the competitive position of the company in the industry that led to the decision of lowering of the selling price of the products of the corporation. Again, the qualitative characteristics of the accounting policy can also help the equity participant as well as the creditor such as the bank in understanding the financial information. The bank as a creditor might need knowledge as well as observation to reach agreement regarding the faithful representation of an event. The ti meliness of particular information is also important for the users as it helps all the users through timely reporting as well as consistent information. References Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Edwards, J. R. (2013).A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015).Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Home | Financial Reporting and Assurance Standards Canada. (2016).Frascanada.ca. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.frascanada.ca Horngren, C. T., Sundem, G. L., Schatzberg, J. O., Burgstahler, D. (2013).Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D., Tan, R. (2012).Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lovell, H. (2014). Climate change, markets and standards: the case of financial accounting.Economy and Society,43(2), 260-284. Pratt, J. (2013).Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education. Richard, L., David, P. (2016). Advanced financial accounting. SUNDEM, G. L., ELLIOT, J. A., HORNGREN, C. T., PHILBRICK, D., Horngren, C. T. (2012).Introduction to financial accounting. Pearson Education. Traistaru, A., Cotoc, E. A. (2013). Archiving, Keeping Records and Financial Accounting Documents.International Journal of Education and Research,1(11). Trucco, S. (2015). Financial Accounting: Development Paths. InFinancial Accounting(pp. 9-40). Springer International Publishing. US PwC. (2016).PwC. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.pwc.com Wagenhofer, A. (2015). Usefulness and implications for financial accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 341. Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M., Duchac, J. (2013).Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K., Francis, J. (2013).Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Whitecotton, S., Libby, R., Phillips, F. (2013).Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Wilks, J., Stice, E. K., Stice, J. D. (2012).Intermediate financial accounting. South-Western.

Kenny Ramirez Mr. Casey Essays (710 words) - Grand Theft Auto, Town

Kenny Ramirez Mr. Casey Free Choice Essay Both living in small towns and big cities comes with its pros and cons. You either are the "country kid" or the "city kid" regardless of where you go. A city to me is a crowded and urbanized place, just like a small town is a quiet and peaceful. Then there are the people who like living in the suburbs and like traveling to the city. The cost of living is all depending on what city and what small town can have a very big difference in price. A 5 bedroom with 4 baths being 5,500 feet at $530,000 is not bad at all, and then you have a 6 bedroom 3 baths 3,200 square feet in Brooklyn, NY asking $ 2,300,000. There is also a home in New York, NY that is selling for $65,000,000 and its 5 bedrooms 6 bathrooms. Dec, 16, 2015 Finding a job is also harder to find in a small town compared to a big city because of how many more people are in the city , which means that there a lot more companies looking to hire people. However, in a big city, you'll face more competition, so it might take a while to find your dream job. Depending on your line of work, you might find the perfect small-town job with less competition. Also being in a city makes becoming an entrepreneur a lot easier because the odds of meeting the right people to make your puzzle fit together are higher than living in a small town; although personally I've met a lot of important people here in our small town. In a big city, you'll make friends at work and other places you visit frequently; at the same time you'll feel like you're alone in a big city. Another bonus with living in a small town is the nature. In general, you'll feel closer to nature in a small town compared to a big city because the only nature you'll see in the city is some raccoons going thru your trash cans. For one thing, you can enjoy the stars at night and feel safer outdoors than you might in a city. But don't rule out a large city entirely. Large cities often have parks and recreational areas where you can enjoy the outdoors; you have central park in New York that I wouldn't really consider safe but its close enough. Thousands of people flock to large cities for entertainment options. In the largest cities, you'll find sporting events, theaters, historical sites, and plenty of other things to do and see. That's not to say that there's nothing to do in a small town, though. Many small towns still have movie theaters, museums, and other attractions. Before you choose between the two, keep your family's needs in mind. As you search for places to live, think about the kinds of entertainment you enjoy and whether you'll find them in your new place. Another thing that comes with living in a big city would be that crime rates are a lot higher, on everything which is sometimes detrimental. There are 16 out of 1,000 people who have filed police reports about property damage, 44,276 being victims of burglary, 257,940 being victims of theft, 15,313 being victims of GTA motor vehicle theft. There are 609 murders, 6,074 rapes, 23,939 of theft and 44,546 of assault that happened in New York, there are 41 crimes per square mile in New York. In certain parts of any big city there always is a jungle inside of a jungle. I figure, both the big city and small towns have their pros and cons. Personally, I like a mix of the two. Having access to the hustle and bustle of the big city, but having the community of a small town. That's why I chose the college I did. I want to have nice easy access to the city, but also the ability to be able to not be a number. I guess in the end, it really comes down to preference but, that's just the way things work out sometimes.

Free Essays on The Fall Of King Oedipus

. He exhibits a supreme pride through his dialogue in the play, and his actions protest the gods' ultimate power. When Oedipus Rex begins, we find that a plague is consuming Thebes. Oedipus quickly sends Kreon to Delphi to receive the first oracle. Kreon explains that a great crime had been committed. The murderer of king Laios is in their city and until justice is given the plague will remain. So, full of his pride and himself, Oedipus begins his investigation with a promise, â€Å"I solemnly forbid the people of this country, /Where power and throne are mine, ever to receive /that man /...And as for me, this curse applies no less.† Oedipus is blind to the true nature of the situation and himself. He desperately wants to know, to see, but he cannot. At this point, it is obvious that Oedipus’s action must be to overcome his â€Å"blindness†. Ironically, into the play is introduced a prophet, Teiresias. He is physically blind but is a clairvoyant. He do es not wish to tell Oedipus the true nature of the situation and attempts to leave. Only upon insistent badgering ... Free Essays on The Fall Of King Oedipus Free Essays on The Fall Of King Oedipus The fall of King Oedipus Oedipus in Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is a tragic hero according to Aristotle in The Poetics. Aristotle said that Sophocles â€Å"drew men as they ought to be.† Therefore, Oedipus is not the victim of fate expressed in the oracles. His tragedy results from within his character. He is a man who, driven by his uncontrolled emotions and his fatal flaw harmartia of pride hybris, causes his own destruction. The city of Thebes suffers from this also. Once Oedipus recognizes what he has done and the audience also witnesses his recognition, both Oedipus and the city undergo a reversal of fortune. The audience experiences catharsis through pity and fear. One of the reasons for Oedipus’s downfall is his pride or hybris. Oedipus is a classic example of Aristotle's tragic man. Sophocles characterizes Oedipus through his actions and his words. He exhibits a supreme pride through his dialogue in the play, and his actions protest the gods' ultimate power. When Oedipus Rex begins, we find that a plague is consuming Thebes. Oedipus quickly sends Kreon to Delphi to receive the first oracle. Kreon explains that a great crime had been committed. The murderer of king Laios is in their city and until justice is given the plague will remain. So, full of his pride and himself, Oedipus begins his investigation with a promise, â€Å"I solemnly forbid the people of this country, /Where power and throne are mine, ever to receive /that man /...And as for me, this curse applies no less.† Oedipus is blind to the true nature of the situation and himself. He desperately wants to know, to see, but he cannot. At this point, it is obvi ous that Oedipus’s action must be to overcome his â€Å"blindness†. Ironically, into the play is introduced a prophet, Teiresias. He is physically blind but is a clairvoyant. He does not wish to tell Oedipus the true nature of the situation and attempts to leave. Only upon insistent badgering ...

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae When you think of a spider, you probably picture a big, round web with its resident spider poised in the center, waiting for a hapless fly to land in the webs sticky strands. With few exceptions, you would be thinking of an orb weaver spider of the family Araneidae. The orb weavers are one of the three largest spider groups. The Family Araneidae The family Araneidae is diverse; orb weavers vary in colors, sizes, and shapes. The webs of orb weavers consist of radial strands, like spokes of a wheel, and concentric circles. Most orb weavers build their webs vertically, attaching them to branches, stems, or manmade structures. Araneidae webs may be quite large, spanning several feet in width. All members of the family Araneidae possess eight similar eyes, arranged in two rows of four eyes each. Despite this, they have rather poor eyesight and rely on vibrations within the web to alert them to meals. Orb weavers have four to six spinnerets, from which they produce strands of silk. Many orb weavers are brightly colored and have hairy or spiny legs. Classification of Orb Weavers Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily - Araneidae The Orb Weaver Diet Like all spiders, orb weavers are carnivores. They feed primarily on insects and other small organisms entrapped in their sticky webs. Some larger orb weavers may even consume hummingbirds or frogs they’ve successfully ensnared. The Orb Weaver Life Cycle Male orb weavers occupy most of their time with finding a mate. Most males are much smaller than females, and after mating may become her next meal. The female waits on or near her web, letting the males come to her. She lays eggs in clutches of several hundred, encased in a sac. In areas with cold winters, the female orb weaver will lay a large clutch in the fall and wrap it in thick silk. She will die when the first frost arrives, leaving her babies to hatch in the spring. Orb weavers live one to two years, on average. Special Orb Weaver Adaptations and Defenses The orb weavers web is a masterful creation, designed to ensnare meals efficiently. The spokes of the web are primarily non-sticky silk and serve as walkways for the spider to move about the web. The circular strands do the dirty work. Insects become stuck to these sticky threads on contact. Most orb weavers are nocturnal. During daylight hours, the spider may retreat to a nearby branch or leaf but will spin a trapline from the web. Any slight vibration of the web will travel down the trapline, alerting her to a potential catch. The orb weaver possesses venom, which she uses to immobilize her prey. When threatened by people or most anything larger than herself, an orb weavers first response is to flee. Rarely, if handled, will she bite; when she does, the bite is mild. Orb Weaver Range and Distribution Orb weaver spiders live throughout the world, with the exceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In North America, there are approximately 180 species of orb weavers. Worldwide, arachnologists describe over 3,500 species in the family Araneidae.

MOD 3 SLP SECURITY AND DOMESTIC ANTI-TERRORISM Essay

MOD 3 SLP SECURITY AND DOMESTIC ANTI-TERRORISM - Essay Example 67). It is reported that the armed gang has held hostage teachers and students; and have so far killed five students and one teacher. The key individuals are; the principal of the Shining Star Elementary School, the emergency manager of the county, the mayor of the town location, and the county supervisors chairman. The school principle is responsible for initiating the response and the management approaches for addressing the gang attack crisis. The principle is the contact person in charge of events that occur in the school, that he/she bares the responsibility of initiating the first emergency response. In the first scenario, the principle should contact appropriate agencies that handle crisis involving armed gang attack on institutions. The police department should be informed to ensure effective handling of investigation, negotiation and criminal aspects of the attacks. The principle should inform the local authority officials, so as to provide leadership to the surrounding community during the attacks. Hospital emergency staffs should be informed that as they provide treatment and counseling to the traumatized and injured victims. â€Å"The press must be given enough access to the accident scene† (Seeger, 2008, p. 128). The emergency manager of the county should arrive immediately at the scene of armed gang attack. The manager will aim at coordinating the effects of other agencies in ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the victims of the attack, during the hostage duration and after their release. The safety of the members of the public should also be ensured by â€Å"the responsibilities of the emergency manager† (Friedman, 2011, p. 73). They should not be too close to the gang attack scene, because they can be fired at by the gang members. The public should access the rescue process through the news media at home. The emergency manager must contact all the agencies

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Sheila Essay

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Sheila - Essay Example This is not an easy task since the current generation is full of competition. People are ever competing against one another for things such as promotions, jobs and resources (Bateman & Snell, 2007). Hence, in a move to achieve my objective, I ought to perform much better than my competitors. Apart from providing an analysis of emotional intelligence on leadership, the study attempts to relay some of the requirements that one ought to have in a move to succeed in the world of business. Leadership is quite dynamic and in order for one to be a good leader, he or she ought to be as dynamic as leadership itself. During the 20th century, for an organization to achieve success, managers were to focus mainly on the company’s organization scale in addition to properly defining the levels of authority (Ashkenas et al., 2002). This is not the case anymore since when the 21st century set in, so did a number of changes, for instance technology. In relation to studies conducted by Ashkenas et al.(2002), it is because of technology that there was rapid change in the ways of doing business. This is because unlike in the past, not only is there quick customer response but also flexible strategies in addition to rapid product development. Due to this analysis, it is evident that in the next five years there will be certain changes as well. Hence, in order to achieve my objective, I have to be up to date with the current changes as they take place. In my opinion, once I become the vice president of a hospital, my roles would not be quite difficult. This is because my current profession is quite similar to that of a vice president of a health organization; the only difference is that there will be more staff to manage and delegate duties. This is because just like the vice president, in my current profession I am also in charge of the organization’s

Marketing Plan for Bata Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan for Bata Essay In this total market demand, about 42% are brand-driven. And bata is covering about 12% of the organized footwear segment. Industry environment- Threat of new entrants- †¢There are many barriers to entry preventing new entrants from capturing significant market share. Large footwear producer enjoy economy of scale that create cost advantage over any new rival. †¢BIL differentiated it’s product from rivals product like Comfort (using dynamic spring pad that acted as cushion on the feet for women’s footwear), Wind (in build air technology that allowed feet to breath fresh air) etc. The capital requirements are a high entry barrier to a new firm to the industry. However, an existing shoe manufacturer may enter the athletic shoe industry simply by re-tooling their manufacturing plant. †¢Switching cost is very low for footwear industry because shoes are relatively inexpensive personal goods that are frequently replaced. †¢Access to distribution channel is barrier to entry because it is really difficult for a startup firm to get shelf space at major shoe retailer. But existing firm may use their existing connections to easily access shoe distribution channel. Bargaining power of buyer- †¢Bata is largest player in industry with 9-10%volume share and 60% market share in organized segment. It had a market share of 70% in canvas shoe segment and 60% in leather shoe segment. Their dominant market share give them power over buyer. †¢Bata is a big buyer of raw material who buys significant part of suppliers’ revenue. This in a way provides good bargaining power over suppliers. †¢As a part of its strategic decision Bata set up a rubber/canvas factory in Faridabad, Haryana in 1951. So it can threaten it’s supplier to integrate backward. Bargaining power of supplier- †¢Shoes are made of leather, rubber, nylon etc. These materials could be classified as commodities, where the manufacturing process adds the value. For this reason supplier have limited bargaining power over buyers. Threat of substitute product- †¢Consumer switched from one product to another if alternatives are available in same quality and performance range and have competing price or lesser price. BIL produces 10% of total hawai ranged from Rs. 35-110 while competing local brands were selling at Rs. 25-50. Again when global trade open then market flooded with many international brands having variety and competing price. Rivalry among existing firms- †¢Mostly numbers of competitors are stable, especially because of high entry barriers. This adds to the rivalry among existing firm. Manufacturers watch each other carefully and make appropriate countermove to match the competitors move. Leading competitor of BIL are Lakhani shoes, liberty shoes, action shoes, woodland, paragon and relaxo in organized segment. General environment- Demographic- †¢Indian market is highly fragmented between rural and urban market. Thus with the implementation of Marketing plan the company’s profit are expected to rise by 100. 30 crores compared to the actual profit that it will have without the implementation of marketing plan. Implementation controls: The progress can be measured on quarterly basis by comparing the company’s growth rate with that of the industry for that quarter The Capital Asset Pricing Model van be used where R(b) = R(i) + beta(R(i)) Here R(b) is the expected growth (here sales) for Bata India Ltd and R(i) is growth of the Industry. Beta is the equating factor that tell by how much the company has grown with respect to the industry.

High Schools That Work: Best Practices for CTE Essay example -- Educat

High Schools That Work: Best Practices for CTE High Schools That Work (HSTW), a school improvement initiative of the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), has documented achievement gains by career and technical education (CTE) students at participating sites (Bottoms and Presson 2000). At HSTW sites participating in 1996 and 1998 assessments (Frome 2001), CTE students showed math and science achievement equal to the national average of all high school students—and exceeded the national average of CTE students in math, science, and reading. One part of the HSTW framework is a set of 10 Key Practices that each participating site implements by developing and carrying out a customized action plan for school improvement (SREB 1999). Kaufman et al. (2000) used existing HSTW data to analyze the impact of 6 clusters representing HSTW's 10 Key Practices. They concluded that achievement gains in science, reading, and math were correlated with the proportion of students meeting HSTW curriculum standards and with the amount of time students spent talking to their guidance counselors and teachers about their school program. They also concluded that the proportion of students perceiving their academic and CTE teachers working together to improve students' math, reading, and writing skills was correlated with achievement gains in those three areas. This Brief provides practical examples of approaches HSTW sites have used to move toward HSTW curriculum standards, provide students with guidance, and allow academic and CTE teachers to w ork together. HSTW Curriculum Standards The curriculum recommended by HSTW (Bottoms and Presson 2000) calls for a challenging program of study with two components. First, an upgraded academic core ... ...Students. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1995. (ED 404 540) Southern Regional Education Board. 1996 Outstanding Practices: Effective Strategies in Raising the Achievement of Career-Bound High School Students by Replacing the General Track. High Schools That Work. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1996. (ED 404 541) Southern Regional Education Board. New Partnerships and a National Network to Improve High School Education. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1999. <http://www.sreb.org/programs/hstw/background/brochure.asp> Southern Regional Education Board. High Schools That Work in Kentucky: A Progress Report. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 2000. <http://www.sreb.org/programs/hstw/publications/state_reports/KYstateprofile.pdf> Winterburn, P. "Learning to Trust. On the Treasure Coast, Tech Prep Proves a Trove for Educators Long Divided." Vocational Education Journal 70, no. 4 (April 1995): 28-29, 44. High Schools That Work: Best Practices for CTE Essay example -- Educat High Schools That Work: Best Practices for CTE High Schools That Work (HSTW), a school improvement initiative of the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), has documented achievement gains by career and technical education (CTE) students at participating sites (Bottoms and Presson 2000). At HSTW sites participating in 1996 and 1998 assessments (Frome 2001), CTE students showed math and science achievement equal to the national average of all high school students—and exceeded the national average of CTE students in math, science, and reading. One part of the HSTW framework is a set of 10 Key Practices that each participating site implements by developing and carrying out a customized action plan for school improvement (SREB 1999). Kaufman et al. (2000) used existing HSTW data to analyze the impact of 6 clusters representing HSTW's 10 Key Practices. They concluded that achievement gains in science, reading, and math were correlated with the proportion of students meeting HSTW curriculum standards and with the amount of time students spent talking to their guidance counselors and teachers about their school program. They also concluded that the proportion of students perceiving their academic and CTE teachers working together to improve students' math, reading, and writing skills was correlated with achievement gains in those three areas. This Brief provides practical examples of approaches HSTW sites have used to move toward HSTW curriculum standards, provide students with guidance, and allow academic and CTE teachers to w ork together. HSTW Curriculum Standards The curriculum recommended by HSTW (Bottoms and Presson 2000) calls for a challenging program of study with two components. First, an upgraded academic core ... ...Students. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1995. (ED 404 540) Southern Regional Education Board. 1996 Outstanding Practices: Effective Strategies in Raising the Achievement of Career-Bound High School Students by Replacing the General Track. High Schools That Work. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1996. (ED 404 541) Southern Regional Education Board. New Partnerships and a National Network to Improve High School Education. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 1999. <http://www.sreb.org/programs/hstw/background/brochure.asp> Southern Regional Education Board. High Schools That Work in Kentucky: A Progress Report. Atlanta, GA: SREB, 2000. <http://www.sreb.org/programs/hstw/publications/state_reports/KYstateprofile.pdf> Winterburn, P. "Learning to Trust. On the Treasure Coast, Tech Prep Proves a Trove for Educators Long Divided." Vocational Education Journal 70, no. 4 (April 1995): 28-29, 44.

GM crops Essay

For thousands of years farmers have used a process of selection and cross breeding to improve the quality of our crops. The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in 20 years’ time. The genetic structure of any living organism is complex and GM crop tests focus on short-term effects. Not all the effects of introducing a foreign gene into the intricate genetic structure of an organism are tested. Will the pests that a crop was created to resist eventually become resistant to this crop? GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides. Tests in the U. S. showed that 44% of caterpillars of the monarch butterfly died when fed large amounts of pollen from GM corn. Very little scientific information exists about the risk of GM food on human health. One major report by Dr. Arpad Pusztai, explains how GM foods could trigger new allergies and contain toxins that may be harmful. Another concern is disease. Since some crops are modified using the DNA from viruses and bacteria, will we see new diseases emerge? What about the GM crops that have antibiotic-resistant marker genes? Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful. Will these antibiotic-resistant genes be transferred to microorganisms that cause disease? We already have a problem with ineffective antibiotics. How can we develop new drugs to fight these new bugs? Then there is always the possibility that we may not be able to destroy GM crops once they spread into the environment. Proponents of GM crops claim that advantages may be many, such as: Improved storage and nutritional quality Pest and disease resistance Selective herbicide tolerance Tolerance of water, temperature and saline extremes Improved animal welfare Higher yields and quality Cross-pollination is a concern for both GM crops and conventional breeding, especially with the more serious weeds that are closely related to the crops. With careful management this may be avoided. They are an ever-increasing problem and genetic engineering promises to stop it. But will genes from GM plants spread to other plants, creating superweeds and superbugs we won’t be able to control? When looking at the environmental impacts of grass- and grain-fed beef, â€Å"there is a 500% increase in greenhouse gas emissions for each pound of beef produced from grass-fed compared to grain-fed cattle. Uncontrolled nitrogen and phosphate release to the environment, 35% more water use, and 30% more land use for grass-fed cattle compared to grain-fed increases the environmental impact of strictly grass feeding. † Cholesterol content does not differ between grass- or grain-fed beef. Today, there is an estimated two-thirds of all our products in supermarkets contain genetically engineered ingredients, including; tortilla chips, drink mixes, taco shells, veggie burgers, muffin mix, and baby formulas. But only one-third of Americans are aware that their food contain genetically engineered ingredients, despite the findings of surveys that 85 to 90% of consumers want clear labeling of all genetically engineered foods. Because labeling is not yet required by government regulations, nor practiced by biotech companies, there is absolutely no way for consumers to know what it is that they are eating. The public has not been educated of the inadequacy of genetically modified ingredients in their diets and the possible risks that these foods may entail. The credibility of these geneticists is also questionable because almost all established molecular geneticists have some industrial ties limiting what they can research on, particularly with regard to safety. There is no way of knowing the overall, long-term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health. This unpredictability appears to be causing the most controversy over genetically modified foods, as there is insufficient evidence and need for further research. The effect of the insertion on the biochemistry of the host organism is unknown. The effect of the genetically engineered organism on the environment is unknown. The effect of eating genetically engineered foods is unknown. There is no basis for meaningful risk assessment. There is no recovery plan in case of disaster. It is not even clear, who, if anyone will be legally liable for the negative consequences. There are no consequences among scientists on the safety or on the risks associated with genetic engineering in agriculture. The international community is deeply divided on the issue. In addition to these, genetically engineered foods may cause the removal of important food elements. For example, genetic engineers may intentionally remove or inactivate a substance they consider undesirable in a food, which may have unknown but crucial qualities, such as cancer-inhibiting abilities. Examples such as this are perhaps especially frightening because of the potential to find cures to some of the illnesses and diseases that have already laid claim to many lives. Failure to do further research in this case would be a shame, as it could lead to an elimination of possible breakthroughs in medicine and health. The current state of biotechnology must be fixed because every living organism is affected by it because everything is composed of genes. If the food being consumed contains products of genetic modification, the public is at risk to the unpredictable effects on their own physiology and biochemistry-effects that may not be reversible. Not only could this cause problems in their own lives presently, but it could also affect future generations, in ways that are unforeseen yet preventable. Moreover there is not enough understanding of the principles of genetic engineering to categorize those genetic modifications that may pose a risk and those that may not because genes appear to react in diverse ways when spliced with other genes. Genes are a part of an extremely complex and interconnected network and are constantly reacting to their environment. Further research must be enacted, and biotech companies and the government must do their moral/ethical duty to inform the public, because ultimately, they are the ones making the decisions.

Measurements: Accuracy and Approximations

The need for accurate and precise measurements in today’s modern world cannot be understated.   Every discipline, from the physical sciences to the social sciences requires measurements that are both accurate and repeatable.   It must be accepted, though, that any measurement has inherent inaccuracies and imprecision and is indeed an approximation. Any measuring device has limited accuracy.   The inability to read the measurement beyond the smallest division shown on the device creates an approximation.   If the smallest division on a ruler is one millimeter, then the accuracy of the measurement will be to the nearest millimeter (Giancoli 2005, p. 5).   No measuring device can give absolutely accurate results.   There will always be an uncertainty generated with any measurement.   The more accurate the device, the less the amount of uncertainty that will be generated, but absolute accuracy will never be obtained.   Therefore all measurements will include some error (Giancoli 2005, p. 5). The awareness of the unit size that is being used to record the measurement and the need for accuracy is a critical aspect of measurement.   Measuring an item when accuracy to the nearest kilogram is all that is needed is far easier than measuring the same item to the nearest microgram.   The difference, of course, is that in the kilogram example the amount of error is plus or minus one kilogram, and in the second case it is plus or minus one microgram. Obviously, the second measurement is far more accurate, but harder to obtain.   The smaller the unit size that the device is capable of measuring, the greater the accuracy, and normally the more expensive the device.   If great precision is not needed, then a less expensive device may be used. Consider the difference between a scale in a supermarket used to measure vegetables and a scale in a pharmaceutical laboratory that is used to measure drugs.   In the first case the scale may be accurate to only one tenth of a pound.   This level of inaccuracy is acceptable for  vegetables.   If you are buying five pounds of tomatoes, it really does not matter if you get 4.9 or 5.1 pounds.   The laboratory scale, though, must have a higher level of accuracy.   Obviously, an error of plus or minus one tenth of a pound is unacceptable in the pharmacy business.   In this case, accuracy to the nearest tenth of a milligram would be more reasonable. Another comparative example of how the awareness of the need for accuracy would affect the level of error is in the measurement of volume.   If a contractor is going to repave a stretch of street with asphalt, that contractor would measure the length and width of the road, probably in feet, and the thickness required, probably in inches, and calculate the cubic yards of asphalt needed for the project.   The amount of asphalt would be, in all likelihood, measured to the nearest cubic yard.   A cook in a restaurant adding water to potatoes is going to measure the amount in cups, with an accuracy that is dependent on the quality of the measuring cup.   Obviously the cook has a much greater need for a higher level of accuracy than the contractor. REFERENCES Giancoli, D. C. (2005).   Physics.   (6th ed., pp. 5-7).   Upper Saddle River:   Pearson Prentice Hall.   

Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Essays

Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Essays Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Paper Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Paper Marlowe portrays ten Idea that Mephistopheles is trapped by Lucifer (and hell) and that he will never reach beyond them both. Through using this apostrophe, we also gain a sense of the gothic element of eternity- Mephistopheles will never be free of his suffering. Mephistopheles, further on in the play, emphasizes this idea and describes hell as Where we are tortured and remain forever Hell hath no limits and issues yet another striking warning to Faustus -which he chooses to ignore- whilst Marlowe continues to blur this life and the afterlife with his descriptions of Faustus inevitable fate. Some critics have considered Mephistopheles to be warning Faustus, O Faustus, leave this frivolous demands, which strike a terror to my fainting soul and hush consider Marlowe to be portraying him as a friend who is himself struck at the thought of Faustus suffering the same fate as he. Later on in the play, when Mephistopheles returns from Lucifer, he honestly tells Faustus that, as with ambitious earthly monarchs, Lucifer aim is territorial expansion and warns Faustus that he will receive more than he bargained for. The idea of Mephistopheles striking friendship, which on the surface appears genuine, is also explored when Faustus requests a wife. However, Mephistopheles cannot oblige and tries to put him off l Ritchie, talk not of a wife. In the sixteenth century, there were no civil marriages and so the word Wife carried with it the association of the Church and holy matrimony. He instead substitutes a devil dressed like a woman, with fireworks and by doing this it could be suggested that he is warning Faustus that he will be denied the blessing of a lifetime companion and only have superficial relationships with courtesans if he embarks upon a deal with Lucifer. We can also gain a sense of friendship from Faustus view, he refers to Mephistopheles as sweet and although this is can be noninsured to be an oxymoron, Faustus is consistently clear about his portrayal of Mephistopheles. On numerous occasions he seeks comfort in Mephistopheles, When Mephistopheles shall stand by me, what God can hurt thee Faustus? ND in both this example and Faustus final words Ah! Mephistopheles, strikingly, one finds that Faustus is only able to renounce God and accept his fate, when Mephistopheles is there to guide him. This interpretation, however, can also be understood in terms of Mephistopheles and his striking devilish characteristics and thus him being a manipulative temp ter. This supports the idea that the play is written in the form of a morality play which were popular in England around the late Middle Ages and which told stories about the progress of the soul and humanity relationship with virtue and temptation. As Faustus experiences the staying of blood when he attempts to sign his contract with Lucifer, it is Mephistopheles who brings a chafer of coals to liquefy the blood once more. He even goes on to state O what will not I do to obtain his soul? Which suggests both desperation and deceit. When Faustus consequently species a diving message Homologue, Mephistopheles distracts him from repentance and tempts Faustus with political power, symbolized by crowns, and wealth and luxury, symbolized by rich apparel. It also is interesting that once Faustus has signed the contract, Mephistopheles contradicts his earlier descriptions of heaven and tries to reassure Faustus that heaven is not such a glorious thing as he imagines in an attempt to stop him from repenting. Although Faustus wants to learn by experience, and asks to see Rome, Mephistopheles distracts him by suggesting some fun at the popes expense- justly corrupting Faustus Teller Telling. I Nils travel Detonator pushes Faustus to believe that he is too far gone for forgiveness from God and thus further exemplifies the striking, manipulative characteristic within Mephistopheles. He also urges Faustus to commit the ultimate sin (suicide) by handing him a dagger in hopes that he will die and so put himself beyond hope of salvation. It is actions like these which seem to contradict any ideas of friendship between the two characters, however, because Mephistopheles is influenced ultimately by Lucifer, Marlowe may eve been trying to suggest that if Mephistopheles werent so corrupt and tortured by hell, he would maintain his previous attitude and continue to warn Faustus. This can also be supported by the idea that Faustus was condemned from the very beginning of the play. When Mephistopheles does warn Faustus of hell, Marlowe uses anaphora and repeats the words me and l when describing all of the things he will do with his new powers. This shows Faustus to completely disregard Mephistopheles warning (despite no manipulation from Mephistopheles) and the responding sentence structure in a sequence of clauses shows Faustus to be gushing and completely, selfishly caught up by the gothic element of being driven by some all-consuming passion. Marlowe further developed this idea by using references to the sin gluttony, for example words such as sweet, glutted and surfeits. This serves to give the impression of a gorged renaissance ideal, which few people of the era were considered to be, and thus demonstrates to the audience that by knowing too much, one can lose their sense of Judgment- again making Faustus ate appear inevitable- for instance when he perceives the seven deadly sins to feed my soul and describes O how happy I were then as opposed to feeling repulsed and fearing them. Farm supported this idea and suggested that Mephistopheles appears because he senses in Faustus magical summons, that Faustus is already corrupt, that indeed he is already in danger to be damned nonetheless. And so, if Faustus is shown to be in danger to be damned nonetheless, Mephistopheles cannot be considered as a striking tempter; he was merely doing his Job.

The Role of Body Language Essay

The Role of Body Language Essay The Role of Body Language Essay Communication is one of the essential tools used for the exchange of ideas, feelings, and even visions. It is the activity of passing across the intended information through exchange of signals, writing, thoughts, behavior, and messages (Yates 433). However, for the process to be completed, several elements of the latter must be facilitated. The basic elements of communication include a potential sender, the intended message, and finally the targeted recipient. The way information is being transmitted depends on the medium. Moreover, the medium of transmission entirely rely on whether the communication is verbal or non-verbal. Non-verbal communication makes use of body languages, symbols, and signs as its ways of passing across any message (Yates 501). As per the requirements of the project, my area of specialization builds its concrete foundation on the body language as one of the means of communication. It is a form of physical and mental ability of man’s non-verbal communication that consists of gestures, facial expressions, body posture, and eye movements (Pease Pease 211). Body language is one of the most effective means of relaying very sensitive information and maintaining the confidentiality of the message passed across. The sole reason of my keen interest in this means of communication is the unique nature possessed by the latter as compared to other means. People continue using body language no matter the advancement in technology and development of most effective means. Analytical goals of my project draw its origin from the non-verbal forms of communication. To mention a few, the objectivity of the project was to understand the power and importance of excellent non-verbal communication, discover the necessary listening skills required for checking the shared understanding, modes of repairing the wrong communication and finally, understanding the effects of appropriate non-verbal communication and vocal tone in building rapport (Borg 457). Body language covers most of these objectives and helps in achieving the ultimate goals of communication as intended in this project. Assumptions made in this project can only be achievable if the means of communication put into consideration can be articulated to meet the requirements. Body languages are more advantageous and it can handle situations that cannot be handled by other means. The first advantage is that, this means can handle a situation where the sender or the recipient is handicapped or physically disabled (Borg 244). For example, a dumb person can use signs and facial expressions to relay information. He/she may be unable to utter the real words but the meaning of the message can be effectively understood through the body language. Noisy places may inconvenient verbal means but body language can comfortably be used in such environments. For example, in a factory where there is a lot of noise, the manager can instruct the employees and those under him through body language (Pease and Pease 466). The above means can also be used in passing across any sensitive information whose confidentiality is supposed to be maintained. Signals used between the sender and recipient may only be understood between the two and the third party may not get the real meaning of the information. The final advantage lies under the geographical difference between the sender and the recipient. The means may effectively be applicable if the two are at a visible distance but their spoken words may not be heard clearly. For example, if someone wants to greet a person, (Borg 558). Who is in a moving vehicle, waving a hand will be a more civilized way as compared to shouting. In addition, body language proves to be less expensive as compared to most sophisticated ones. Parties having an intension of cutting down the cost of communication can make use of body language. The above means loses its effectiveness in case the barriers exist in the environment under consideration. The major barrier is the case where both the sender and recipient are uninformed about the meaning of some of the signs and gestures. This will make the latter to be ineffective and therefore reducing its applicability. Common signals and body gestures known to many people cannot be used to relay any confidential information. Body gestures that carry more than one meaning may be difficult to be used as the involved parties may not get the intended message. Individuals lacking the body parts utilized in the communication are automatically excluded from using the means (Pease and Pease 674). This makes the latter to be limited to those people who possess the body parts that are supposed to be used in the process. For example, a blind person cannot use eye movements to relay the message; crippled people may also not use their legs or hands in the process of communication. Most of the time, body language is used by both handicapped and normal people so long as the parties understand the signs and body gestures well. Very large geographical difference may inconvenience use of signs and gestures in passing the meaning. This can only be done through digitized means where signs are being transmitted electronically. The project involved laying down the necessary strategies that will characterize the means of communication to be determined. The first strategy for this work involved testing the effective means of communication that can be used in a noisy environment. Various means of communication were to be tested in the latter environmental conditions and the effective method was to be pointed out. The second strategy was to determine the most appropriate means that can be used in relaying confidential messages (Pease and Pease 688). Almost all available means under the test proved ineffective and the one with the highest degree of confidentiality was determined. The final strategy was to cut down on the cost of communication. This meant to find the cheapest means of communication that can fully satisfy the process. The strategies outlined above almost gave the expected results (Oxford 509). The rhetorical barriers and advantages mentioned earlier in this project gave direct reflections of what was to be done and the ultimate goals were absolutely fulfilled. The first strategy of noisy environmental condition was fully satisfied by the rhetoric advantage of body language as the means of communication. Body language proved communicative under the tested conditions. The second strategy of relaying confidential messages was previously reflected by the rhetoric advantage of body language. The latter gave maximum satisfaction in passing across confidential information. The final strategy of cutting down the cost of the process of communication gave out several means of communication. Some of the verbal means of communication met the standards unexpectedly and the strategy was to be articulated to meet the requirements. However, the adjustments made met the satisfactory standard of making body languag e as the only means of communication. The rhetoric ended up being effective in analyzing the arguments. The rhetoric arguments proved perfect in the analysis and strategies gave full support for the approval of arguments. Documented statistics for the related case study almost projected the same results as the one that were rhetorically reflected in the project (Oxford 599). However, in this project, the strategized conclusion could not have been drawn from the rhetoric barriers and advantages, putting the last strategy into consideration, which almost dissatisfied the expected outcome. The argument of whether to rely on the rhetoric reflections or not, in finding the most appropriate means of communication in the project almost proved effective. However, the rhetoric reflection failed in giving the details of flexibility of the means and the ability of the latter to accommodate the upcoming challenges (Melkote 444). Body language plays many roles in the current society. Considering the technological advancements, this means of communication is seen primitive and cannot be relied on. However, what people are not supposed to forget is that, this means forms part of the most immediate means of communication before other means can be put in place. People who do not have a common communicative language find it hard to communicate with one another (Melkote 408). The only immediate way is by use of body language. In normal life circumstances, emotions find their roots in body language and twisting of some body parts may turn out passing a strong message to the targeted recipient. People around the globe appreciate body language and the roles it plays. Ideas of generating the most sophisticated means of communication are being generated by body language. What is most important is understanding the ideology of communication that is to be achieved by the scientists. Having hopes in the unpromising inventions makes people forget that the effective means lies in our bodies and the only task is to learn how to use it. Learning body Language is one of the most interesting things that one can do and in most cases, it turns out to be more of a fun. Do you need help with writing an essay about Body Language? Just visit our custom writing service to order high-quality customized essays online.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art history - Essay Example Art history It is hard to take out the truth from the illusions. Cassius Dio had told her story and enclosed it as he says "She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself." When Cleopatra was eighteen years old, she got married to son of Ptolemy who was only nine years old at that time. Cleopatra was an intelligent and power oriented girl. She wanted to rule the throne all by herself. She tried to rule alone and if not alone, at least not equivalent to her brother. Cleopatra's rule was over thrown by the ministers in 48 BCE. In the mean time Pompey came to Egypt while he was being chased by forces of Julius Caesar1. Pompey was killed by Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra's sister and Ptolemy XIII affirmed herself ruler as Arsinoe IV2. Cleopatra had to win the support of Julius Caesar's, the fasanating stories tell that she wrapped her self in a jewel carpet and presented herself to him. In a fight with Caesar, Ptolemy XIII died, and Caesar returned Cleopatra to power in Egypt and her brother Ptolemy XIV came in as a co-ruler. Cleopatra had a son in 46 BCE, Cleopatra gave her newborn son, the name Ptolemy Caesarion. She claimed that he was Julius Caesar's son and that she was married to him. But Julius Caesar's never accepted to be his father officially but he did take Cleopatra to Rome. Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE . After his death Cleopatra returned to Egypt. Here her brother and co-ruler died and she appointed her son as a co-ruler. The next Roman military governor Marc Antony called her to pay a visit with other rulers who were being controlled by Rome. Cleopatra appeared significantly in 41 BCE she was able to convince him that she was innocent of charges put upon her, gained support of Caesar's supporters in Rome and his support too. Antony spent a winter with Cleopatra and they had twins. When he went back he got married to Octavia. Cleopatra had returned to Alexandria and Antony came there in 34 BCE. Cleopatra financed him and he opposed Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) but due to few mistakes Cleopatra ended up into defeat. Cleopatra tried her best to agree Octavian to support her children's progression to power but unfortunately failed to come to any agreement. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony was told that Cleopatra had been killed as they say, in distres s he killed himself. Death of Cleopatra Octavian had taken over the state of Cleopatra. When his men reached Cleopatra's monument, she did not open and denied to let them enter. The soldiers entered in her monument finally by climbing in by a window. Cleopatra tried to break through but was caught and imprisoned in her mausoleum. Cleopatra wanted to die as her ego had been hurt. So she worked out on a plan to commit suicide. It is said that as a first step Cleopatra acted as if she was not feeling well. Octavian sent for a doctor. When the physician came, Cleopatra whispered something to him and he went away. She was well again. She asked for fabulous clothes and finest jewelry. She took a bath and wished to go to Anthony's tomb which she was allowed. When she returned from there Cleopatra, she asked for a big feast. Surprisingly, Octavian did not raise any objection on all this. So Cleopatra sat with her servants and had her

2010 BP oil spill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

2010 BP oil spill - Research Paper Example It was under lease of British Petroleum. At the time of the explosion, drilling was going on for an exploratory well at depths of about 5000 feet. The well was almost complete; cementing was being carried out by the Halliburton Energy Services after which the well could be used as a subsea producer later. However, this did not happen. On 20th April, 2010, methane gas shot up from the well all the way to the rig. It expanded on the platform, caught fire and the rig exploded. All but eleven workers were saved through rescue efforts and lifeboats. An oil leak was found on April 22, when oil started surfacing from the location of the rig. According to official estimates of August 2, about 62000 barrels of oil per day has escaped the well into the water, endangering the environment and submarine life (Channel 4 News, 2010). An investigation was launched on the day the oil spill started appearing on the surface. The whole fiasco has gotten extensive media coverage where BP has been considered primarily responsible for being negligent about some parts of the rig, which were not directly related to the cause of the explosion. There is still no explanation of why the rig exploded and caught fire, or whey the safety mechanics did not work at the rig. BP’s CEO took full responsibility of the incident, promising to pay everything and person who has been affected from this fiasco. The media as well as the government has held BP responsible for the fiasco. Reports have been made that a rig technician kept missing the key signals while being on a smoke break, that the oil rig was about to blow. This is a serious mistake on the part of the technician that is still costing BP and the environment. Settlements are being made by the company to all those who have been affected; cleaning efforts are also taking place by the organization of cleaning the shores and making it oil free so that the marine habitat isn’t at stake (Reuters, 2010). Although on

Distributive Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributive Justice - Term Paper Example The benefits are obvious in that everyone potentially has the same chance and ability as a result of the use of distributive justice. The drawbacks are also clear however, in that this approach means that the individual’s property may not in fact be theirs, which can lead one to potentially question the idea of the individual’s right to own property in the United States today. Robert Nozick would argue that while there is a place for government that place should not extend to property. He promoted the idea that the majority cannot take from the minority unless they agree to it. Justice was outlined with three principles by Nozick, the principle of justice in acquisition, principle of justice in transfer and principle of the rectification of injustice. These principles were all sound, and when presented with a set amount of property and an increasing population the principle of transfer becomes important. Each individual may share what they have however; none of the indi viduals can be forced by the governing body to do so. Each individual can purchase property or trade for property from another but no individual can be forced to do so. Nozick stated, â€Å"The principle of distribution in accordance with moral merit is a patterned historical principle, which specifies a patterned distribution† (156). With less government intervention as he sees it is possible to see some parts of society have more property than another, however, if everyone is working to provide for and purchase property with the intent of generating either personal gain or simply a stable life for one’s family unit than these patterns as Nozick says would adjust themselves based on need and the natural tendency of society as an entity’s to grow and change. The principle of justice in acquisition was directly connected to the principle of justice in transfer for Nozick. He saw that some people steal, defraud, enslave, seize and utilize force to exclude others f rom competing. It was his idea that none of these were beneficial or right. However, contrary to his approach and views regarding the right or wrongness of these others actions he still supported the use of state based decision making with regards to what is fair or not. He wrote, "Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to be of greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society." And yet he also believed that stealing, defrauding, enslaving and more were wrong. If we use a distributive approach as he would have us do we are in fact ensuring that the less fortunate will gain much needed items, however, we are also ensuring that the state is made to forcibly or through the threat of force take from others to supply this. While the idea of distributive justice is a fair minded one it is a difficult approach to rectify when attempting to prevent civil crimes or crimes against the individual. We see by looking at Nozicks approach that it is impossi ble to promote absolute equality without taking from someone which in turn immediately discards the idea of equality. While the balance has been accomplished with product and property there will now be impropriety within the system of law which translates to inequality within the law. This approach would in effect cause the state to be a criminal simply by its

Paul Tillich: Dynamics of Faith | Summary and Analysis

Paul Tillich: Dynamics of Faith | Summary and Analysis Myron McVeigh Paul Tillich In this essay I will be discussing my view of Paul Tillich’s theory of religion based upon his book â€Å"Dynamics of Faith.† I will give examples from his text that support my view. The very title â€Å"Dynamics of Faith† leads to the question, what is faith? Faith can hold many meanings, especially when used in the context of religion. Tillich explains faith in the first chapter of the book. â€Å"Faith is the state of being ultimately concerned: the dynamics of faith are the dynamics of man’s ultimate concern.† (pg. 1) He also states that the concern must be unconditional. Faith doesn’t have to necessarily be religious. It can be non-religious. For instance ultimate concern with a person’s career, raising their children or even concern that a farmers crops will grow can all be considered non-religious. The Jewish and Christian faith in God and the Muslim faith in Allah are good examples of â€Å"ultimate concern† in a religio us context. Tillich states that faith is a centered act. Faith as ultimate concern is an act of the total personality. It happens in the center of the personal life and includes all its elements. (pg. 4) The human mind’s most centered act is faith. Everything revolves around faith. It is not simply a function or section of a man but his total being. Tillich states however that faith is more than the sum of all man’s parts or impacts. It can involve rationality and it can involve emotion, but it transcends them both. Faith can have an impact on both rationality and emotion without destroying both in the process. It is what Tillich calls â€Å"ecstatic.† This means one can stand outside themselves without ceasing to be themselves. Tillich states that faith is both conscious and unconscious. Since faith is the total act of personality, it is impossible to imagine faith without the unconscious elements of one’s personality. Faith as a conscious act relies on the unconscious elements to create faith. If simply unconscious forces determine a mental status, Tillich states, it is not faith but rather compulsion. He also states that faith is freedom. â€Å"Freedom is nothing more than the possibility of centered personal acts.† (pg.6) Since faith is a free and centered act of personality, freedom and faith are equal. For faith to exist in something there must be two sides, the subjective side of faith and the objective side of faith. Tillich illustrates this by using the terms â€Å"fides qua creditor (the faith through which one believes) and the fides quae creditor (the faith which is believed).† (pg. 11) Simply there is no faith without something to have faith in. When using terms such as â€Å"absolute† and â€Å"ultimate† subjectivity and objectivity are the same. If God is the â€Å"ultimate concern: then he is both the subject and the object. This is considered true ultimacy. When faith cannot be both object and subject it is simply false ultimacy. Tillich gives the examples of a nation or success as false ultimacy. This is because it is in the believer’s eyes just an object it is subject to ordinary knowledge and handling. This leads to the subject of true faith and idolatrous faith. In true faith the â€Å"ultimate concern† is simply a faith in the truly ultimate, God, for example. The truly ultimate is infinite, the subject is the object. In idolatrous faith, â€Å"finite realities are elevated to the rank of ultimacy.† (pg. 13) The subject is almost overtaken by the object but this is temporary and the subject returns again leading to â€Å"existential disappointment.† This is because it leads to a loss of center and disrupts the personality, which according to Tillich can be hidden for a length of time but always exposes itself eventually. Idolatrous faith is still considered faith. â€Å"The holy which is demonic is still holy.† (pg. 18) This shows how faith can be ambiguous and dangerous. Idolatry is a danger of faith and the fact that there is a â€Å"demonic possibility† of the holy is the ambiguity. Faith can destroy us or heal us, but according to Tillich we can never be without it. It is often thought that the word doubt means the lack of faith. Doubt is merely the lack of conviction. It is also an important aspect of faith. â€Å"An act of faith is an act of a infinite being who is grasped by and turned to the infinite.† (pg. 18) Doubt is the opposite of our â€Å"ultimate concern.† Humans are finite beings and have to accept uncertainty in faith. This is where courage plays a role. Tillich uses a larger concept of the word courage rather than the dictionary definition. â€Å"Courage as an element of faith is the daring self-affirmation of one’s own being in spite of the powers of â€Å"non-believing† which are the heritage of everything finite.† (pg. 19) We must accept the possibility of failure. This possibility is present in every act of faith. This is a risk and it must be taken in order to maintain the â€Å"ultimate concern.† Now that we have established what faith is I will look at what faith is not. According to Tillich, there is an intellectualistic distortion of the meaning of faith. This is done not only by the popular mind but also philosophical and theological thought. Since faith is a centered act of the whole personality one function of thought cannot completely identify with faith without distorting what faith is. Faith is not simply an â€Å"act of knowledge that has a low degree of evidence† (pg. 36) This describes a belief, not faith. A belief is based upon evidence that is sufficient enough to add a high degree of probability. A belief can be varied. We believe things when we have good evidence about them or when they are stated by good authorities. When we accept the authority’s evidence as true it is often because we are unable to approach the evidence directly. History books are a good example of this. We are unable to prove that it happened because we weren’t witness to it but believe it because we believe the author. This cannot be considered faith though simply because although we trust the authorities, it is never unconditional. We don’t have faith in them. Tillich states â€Å"Faith is more than trust in authorities, although trust is an important element of faith.† (pg. 37) Tillich uses this thought when he describes early Biblical writers. Christians believe the writings but never unconditionally, they don’t have faith in them and therefore â€Å"should not even have faith in the Bible.† (pg.37) There is also a voluntaristic distortion of the meaning of faith. This is true mainly for Catholics and Protestants. According to Tillich, Catholics believe that the lack of evidence that faith provides must be complemented with an act of will. This states that faith is understood as knowledge with limited evidence that is made up by the willful act. Tillich refers to this as the â€Å"will to believe.† The Protestant version of the â€Å"will to believe† is connected with the morality of the believer. These beliefs state that faith is dependent upon the teachings of the church which is not the case. The third and final distortion of the meaning of faith is the emotionalistic distortion. This interprets faith as a matter of emotion. Tillich states that this distortion is partly supported by both the religious and the secular. â€Å"For the defenders of religion it was a retreat to a seemingly safe position after the battle about faith as a matter of knowledge or will had been lost.† (pg. 44) It was also readily accepted by scientists and representatives of ethics simply because it took away any interference from the religious in matters of scientific research. Tillich responds to this by stating that faith is not â€Å"a matter of merely subjective emotions, without a content to be known and a demand to be obeyed† (pg. 45) Faith has strong emotional elements tied to it but emotion isn’t the source of faith. Tillich believes that man’s â€Å"ultimate concern† has to be expressed through the use of symbolic language. Symbolic language is the only language able to express the ultimate. He states that symbols have many characteristics. One characteristic in which they have in common with signs is the fact that â€Å"they point beyond themselves to something else.† (pg. 47) He uses the example of a stop sign. The sign points to the order to stop movement of a vehicle for a specific amount of time. The color red has absolutely nothing to do with the stopping of a vehicle. When combined with a sign it simply points to the idea that one should stop their vehicle. The second characteristic of a symbol is that â€Å"It participates in that to which it points.† (pg. 48) Here he uses the example of a flag. The flag stands for the power and dignity of the nation that it belongs to. An attack on a nation’s flag is considered an attack on the dignity of that nation and is considered to be blasphemy. The flag isn’t responsible for the power or dignity but simply symbolizes it. The third characteristic of a symbol is â€Å"that it opens up levels of reality which otherwise are closed to us.† (pg. 48) The example used here is that a picture or a poem or even a story show us elements of reality that cannot be studied scientifically. Creativity opens up a reality in a dimension that cannot be accessed otherwise. This ties in with the fourth characteristic. This is characteristic opens up dimensions and elements of reality that are otherwise unapproachable AND elements of our souls that correspond to the elements of reality. He uses the example of a play in this scenario. The play gives us a vision of what is going on but also opens a dimension in our own being. We can comprehend what is happening in reality but there are also dimensions that we cannot access without the use of symbols. â€Å"Melodies and rhythms in music.† (pg. 49) Symbols are not to be produced intentionally, but grow out of our individual or collective unconscious. These symbols must be accepted by our unconscious or else they have no function. Tillich states that any symbol with an especially social function is created by the group’s collective unconscious in which they appear. Political and religious symbols are examples of this. The final characteristic of a symbol is the fact that the symbols cannot be invented. They grow and also die. When the situation calls for them, they grow. When that situation changes, they die. An example of this is a King. The symbol of a king used to mean something and produce a response of servitude and loyalty. This is no longer the case because for the most parts kings have been replaced by political leaders. Tillich explains that God is the fundamental symbol of our â€Å"ultimate concern.† It is always present when considering acts of faith. He states that God can only be denied in the name of God. Since an â€Å"ultimate concern† cannot deny itself it affirms itself. Atheism is simply the attempt to remove any â€Å"ultimate concern† from our lives. Tillich states that the only true form of Atheism is in difference toward the ultimate question. One cannot deny God because by doing so he confirms the existence of God. One can argue that in this case God is simply just a symbol, to which Tillich replies â€Å"God is a symbol for God.† (pg. 53) Tillich believes that God is the basic symbol of faith, but states that there are many other symbols as well. Manifestations of the divine in such things as documents and in words, in people and communities, even events are all symbols of faith. Tillich believes that holy things are not themselves holy, they are merely o bjects that point toward the source of holiness, which is the â€Å"ultimate concern.† Symbols of faith aren’t isolated. Tillich believes that the symbols are united in myths. He states that mythic gods are based upon human characteristics, they have personalities, are of both sexes, are related, and even participate in human struggles. Often the gods are not equal and live in hierarchies. There is usually one god or a small group of gods that rule over the other gods. Tillich states that all myths are fundamentally the same, â€Å"man’s ultimate concern symbolized in divine figures and actions.† (pg. 56) Myths are simply symbols of faith that are combined in stories of what Tillich calls â€Å"divine-human encounters.† Myths appear in every act of faith. They are often attacked and criticized because they use material from ordinary experiences. It adds a human experience of time and space when the â€Å"ultimate† is beyond time and space. A myth often divides what is considered divine into many figures. Doing this removes ultimacy without removing the claim to ultimacy. This causes criticism because it rejects the division of the divine claiming there is only one God. Tillich states that God is an object of mythological language and is often drawn into the human experience of time and space. This makes God a â€Å"concrete concern† and removes his ultimacy. Polytheistic mythology isn’t all that is rejected. Even monotheism falls under criticism. Tillich states that it needs â€Å"demythologization.† The word is used in connection with many of the mythical elements used in the Bible. Stories where â€Å"divine-human interactions† occur are in character considered m ythological. However, they are also objects of demythologization. Any myth that has been proven to be a myth but is not replaced is called a â€Å"broken myth.† There is a tremendous backlash when considering â€Å"broken myths† as no culture wants any of their myths to be proven false and lose its power. People who live in an unbroken mythological world feel protected and safe. Tillich states this type of thinking is supported by authoritarian systems because it gives false security to the people whom they control and also unchallenged power over them. He calls this â€Å"literalism.† Literalism allows myths to be understood by their immediate meaning. They are placed in a human context, events are attributed to ideas that humans understand. For example, the virgin birth is understood in a biological sense. â€Å"Literalism deprives God of his ultimacy and, religiously speaking, of his majesty.† (pg. 60) It basically draws God down to the human level of the finite and conditional, which he cannot be since he is ultimate. â€Å"Faith, if it takes its symbols literally, becomes idolatrous! It calls something ultimate which is less than ultimate.† (pg. 60) Tillich speaks of many types of faith. These types vary from religion to religion, culture to culture, and even from individual to individual. The variance in these faiths has to do with the variation of symbols of the faith. These types all have one thing in common. They all are united because of their focus on â€Å"ultimate concern.† There is a relationship between faith and history, science, and philosophy. Tillich believes that if our â€Å"ultimate concern† is really ultimate then it is not affected by any of the conclusions provided by history, science, or philosophy. He explains this by stating that a symbol of the ultimate is not ultimate in itself but merely a way of representing that which is ultimate. Therefore a faith is true if it represents the ultimate. Tillich believes that â€Å"the experience of actual faith, of faith as a living reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 115) is considered the life of faith. He once again states that having faith is having courage. Faith is integrated in to our everyday personalities and plays some role in shaping them. Faith is ingrained with various tensions. Tensions between doubt and courage, being estranged or being whole, between ourselves and our communities. He states we must maintain balance between faith, hope, and love so that they play a role in the totality of our personalities. Faith is present in our communities and is important. We use the faith and symbols of our communities and express them through ourselves, the individual. Faith is the central phenomenon in the personal life of mankind. It is visible and invisible at the same time. It is both religious and non-religious. It is universal and sat in stone. It can be changing but is always the same. Tillich states that it is â€Å"an essential possibility of man, and therefore its existence is necessary and universal.† (pg. 146) If faith is our â€Å"ultimate concern† than it cannot be undercut by science, superstition, and distortion of church and state. Faith alone stands upon itself and justifies itself. I feel that Tillich’s theories follow and partially agree with the theories of Freud and Durkheim. He explores with detail the human mind and our psyche. This determines our personality and as Tillich states many times faith is deeply ingrained in our personalities. Faith is an act of total personality. Faith is both an act of rational and unconscious elements. Tillich even applies faith to Freud’s naturalistic negation of norms and principles stating that â€Å"Faith and culture can be affirmed only if the superego represents the norms and principles of reality.† (pg. 6) Freud states that if the superego is not established through valid ideas it becomes suppressive. With real faith, even if it uses Freud’s father image, creates true ideas or principles and therefore it rings true. Durkheim states that religion is community, Tillich agrees with this. A community provides the symbols of faith in which people believe. The individual expresses their faith through the community. Therefore without the community there are no symbols of faith in which to represent that which is ultimate. When considering Marx in this equation, the two cannot be further apart. For Marx, religion or faith were nonexistent and something that was just invented to qualm our meager existence in this world. Tillich states that faith is us and has always been ingrained in us. He states that to deny the existence of God only strengthens the case that God exists. Therefore Marx’s theory holds no water in Tillich’s eyes. He states that â€Å"the rejection of faith is rooted in a complete misunderstanding of the nature of faith.† (pg. 146) The denial of faith is an â€Å"ultimate concern† so therefore is faith in itself. Citation Tillich, Paul. Dynamics of Faith. New York: Harper, 1958. Print.